SCANNING WASHINGTON'S BIG DEVELOPER


by Alan Henney
(henney@gwu.edu)

Quadrangle Development Corp. is a commercial real estate developer that controls more than 2 million square feet of office and retail space in the Washington area and constructs buildings for its own portfolio.  The company seems to have an endless appetite for development projects.

Quadrangle's roots go way back.  In 1961, Pennsylvania Avenue was anything but a prestigious address when John F. Kennedy first expressed concern after his inaugural parade ran down the dilapidated street.  Kennedy called for action.  In 1972 Congress created the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corp. (PADC) and granted it! ! the responsibility of revitaliz ing the avenue from the Capitol to the White House.  In its first 20 years the PADC invested $138 million in public improvements along the street.

A development competition was held in 1978 to preserve the 150-year-old National Theatre which would become the cornerstone of National Place.  The only team to propose preserva

tion, a partnership led by Quadrangle, won the right to develop the site.  The 1.6 million square feet of National Place includes the 774-room J.W. Marriott, twin office buildings with a total of 417,000 square feet, Rouse's retail wizardry incorporated into a 150,000-square-foot shopping area, and the historic 1,700-seat National Theater.  Completed in 1984, it is perhaps Quadrangle's best known work.

Quadrangle's success didn't end with National Place.  The company soon developed a second mixed-use project not far away, the 950-room Grand Hyatt Hotel with the adjoining Washington Center office complex.

Other projects completed by Quadrangle during the past decade include:  A 156,000-square-foot office building at 1400 L St. NW; a 220,000-square-foot office building at 901 E St. NW; 1709 New York Ave. NW; 1919 Pennsylvania Ave. NW; a 285,000-square-foot buildin! ! g at 2020 K St. NW; a 115,000-sq uare-foot building at 2033 K St. NW; and the company's first building at 2030 M St. NW.  Rents in the buildings range from $30 to $40 per square foot.

In Virginia its holdings include the 30-acre campus-style Fairbrook Business Park off the Dulles Access Road in Herndon.  Quadrangle also

has three buildings on 12 acres off Sunrise Valley Drive and the Dulles Access Road in Reston.  Last October Quadrangle started work on a 100,000-square-foot speculative building at 1600 International Dr. in Tysons Corner.  Quadrangle has also expanded into Maryland, with the 212-acre Quince Orchard Corporate Park in Gaithersburg off Interstate 270.

The
Washington Post rated Quadrangle as the area's 15th largest private company.  The company has topped the $1 billion mark in developments.  Founded in 1969 by Robert Gladstone, its president, the company has an annual revenue of $278 million and around 200 employees.

Creating an efficient communications system for a corporation of this size was challenging.  Several years ago Quadrangle installed low-power repeater systems that a! ! llow for telephone interconnect to other sites.  Radios used include  Bendix/King LPU4991s and Motorola HT1000s.  The Bendix/King channel plan appears below.  The newer HT1000s have a similar, but not identical, channel line-up.  Radios not having a talkaround switch have talkaround capability in the even-numbered channels.

Almost every site is licensed and "owned" under a different name which is indicated when possible. 

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(replaced 156.35)
151.2950r [162.2] DR&BA PD
(replaced 155.31)
151.6850s [d162 ] Pot Nets/Indian  Landing (CH2 is 154.6)
154.1150s [123.0] South Bethany PD
154.4000s [ CSQ ] Blades VFD
repeats 33 MHz chs
154.6000s [ CSQ ] North Shores
154.7400s [156.7] Rehoboth Beach  PD1
154.7550r [123.0] DSP3 "SusCom"
154.8000s [ CSQ ] Bethany Beach PD
154.8750s [156.7] Rehoboth Beach  PD2
155.0100s [118.8] Dewey Beach PD  (Fenwick Island too?)
155.0400s [123.0] Fenwick Island
155.2500s [ CSQ ] Rehoboth Beach  Parking
155.4750s [ CSQ ] DSP7 NLEEF/ SusCom Data
155.7600r [d073 ] Sea Colony  (151.925 still used)
155.8050s [114.8] South Bethany  Beach Patrol
155.8200s [156.7] Rehoboth Beach  City ! ! Svcs
155.9550s [ CSQ ] ; Lewes Public  Works
156.0300s [d223 ] Rehoboth Beach
Patrol
158.8350r [110.9] Bethany Beach  Town Svcs
159.0900s [123.0] Lewes PD/Parking/ Beach Patrol
160.4550s [ CSQ ] Queen Anne
Railroad
453.2500r [d023 ] Rehoboth Beach  FD3r/4s Tac
453.3000r [d023 ] Rehoboth Beach  FD1r/2s rpts 33.78
453.5250r [141.3] DART Buses
453.6250r [123.0] UofD College of  Marine Studies
453.6500s [d023 ] Rehoboth Beach  FD5 Tac
460.5500r [d051 ] Lewes VFD
repeats 33 MHz
460.5750r [d023 ] Bethany Beach
FD Tac
460.6000r [192.8] Bethany Beach
FD rpts 33 MHz
460.6375r [192.8] Millsboro FD 461.3000r [d023 ] Henlopen Acres  Town Gov't

154.2500s [118.8] Cape May Co FD3
154.3100s [118.8] Atlantic County  FD1
154.3850r [118.8] Stone Harbor FD
154.4000r [118.8] Lower Township FD
154.4450r [141.3] Ocean City FD
154.7400r [118.8] Absecon PD
(also CTCSS 136.5?)
154.8750r [118.8] Middle Twp PD
154.9650r [118.8] Wildwood PD
155.0100s [118.8] Cape May City PD4/ PD Common
155.1300r [118.8] Atlantic City PD
Primary
155.1900r [118.8] Cape Communica tions
155.2200s [118.8] North Wildwood  Rescue
155.2950s [118.8] Rescue 1 (medics)
155.3400s [114.8] Rescue 2 (Tomlin  Mem Hosp)
155.4300r [118.8] Wildwood Crest PD
155.4900r [118.8] Lower Twp PD
155.5650r [118.8] Sea Isle City PD
155.6400r [173.8] North Wildwood PD
155.6550r [118.8] Eg! ! g Harbor Twp PD
155.6700r 1;118.8] Stone Harbor PD
155.7000s [118.8] Cape May City PD1
155.7450s [203.5] Wildwood Beach  Patrol
154.7850r [118.8] Cape May Co
Sheriff 1
155.8200s [118.8] Lower Twp Mun  Gov't/PD5
157.0500s [ CSQ ] USCG Cape May  (working)
171.2375s [ CSQ ] USCG Cape May
171.3125s [ CSQ ] USCG Cape May  (FD)
171.3625s [ CSQ ] USCG Cape May 453.5500r [173.8] Cape May Beach
Patrol
453.9500r [?????] Ocean City Beach/ Tag Patrol
453.9875r [173.8] Avalon Borough  Beach Patrol (PD3)
460.0250r [156.7] Brigantine City PD
460.1250r [173.8] Avalon PD
460.1500r [156.7] Atlantic City PD
Tac 1 Alternate
460.3250r [156.7] Atlantic City PD
Tac 3
460.3500r [173.8] Ocean City PD
460.4250r [156.7] Atlantic City PD
Tac 2 Primary
460.5000r [123.0] Beach Haven ! ! PD

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registrations and property

checks and make reports.  The equipment, provided by Motorola and USC Policeworks, allows officers to have a choice of using a keyboard or a magnetic pen to enter data.  The wireless system was purchased with a $630,000 Justice Department grant and is set up to accommodate other agencies should they wish to join the system.

QUEEN ANNE'S COUNTY TO GET NEW RADIO SYSTEM.  In April, Queen Anne's County commissioners voted unanimously to approve funding for a new $4.6 million emergency communications system, which is expected to update the county's 9-1-1 emergency center as well as improve communications among dispatchers, sheriff deputies and firefighters.  County agencies, says the April 8 and 15 Annapolis Capital, which are scattered among different systems, would be integrated into a single communications system.

The existing systems reportedly suffer from dead spots, interference from skip and lack interoperability.  One official said the county's communications systems are "so antiquated the county has eight different radio systems that in a disaster can't communicate with each other."

A private study of the county's radio system by Carroll Buracker and Associates Inc. also defines the system as inadequate, outdated and presenting a

"significant safety concern."  The consultants recommend the county:  Replace the communication system with an 800 MHz system and add 300 portable radios for about $2.6 to $3.9 million; Install a computer aided dispatch system (CAD) with a records management system for about $300,000; add a radio tower in the northern end of the county for about $40,000; relocate the inadequate 2,000-square-foot facility to a 4,000-square-foot updated building near the Route 18 radio tower for about $360,000.

GOOD PRESS FOR ARLINGTON COUNTY POLICE CHIEF.  The March 19 Washington Times featured a profile of Edward A. Flynn who was sworn in as Arlington County police chief in November.  "No other chief of ! ! a major department in the metrop olitan area listens to a scanner in the office," the article claimed.  The article stressed Flynn's enthusiasm for community oriented policing and says he is decentralizing the department by carving Arlington into community service areas and four districts.  With only 26 square miles, Arlington is the smallest of Virginia's 95 counties.  It has a population of 186,000 and 350 sworn officers with a budget last year of $31 million.  Flynn, 50, left his $85,000-a-year job as Chelsea, Mass. police chief for the $101,978 position in Arlington.

ALEXANDRIA TESTS WIRELESS PDAs.  The Alexandria

Police Department, says the April 30 Washington Post, recently became one of the first law enforcement agencies in the country to test new hand-held computers, which are about the size of a videocassette and weigh less than two pounds.  With the tap of a pen, officers will be able to use the personal data assistants, or PDAs, to run license plate checks, send messages to other officers and determine if an outstanding warrant exists for someone's arrest.

The department will initially test six of the devices and evaluate them after six months.  The computers, which cost $600 to $700 each, are operated with the touch of a special pen, so it's not necessary for an officer to type into a keyboard to retrieve information.  TelePad Corp. is the Herndon-based software developer and systems integrat! ! or for the project.  Last y ear, Alexandria police unveiled another high-tech tool -- a digital scanner and cellular transmitter that allows cruisers to quickly transmit photographs.  An officer can scan in a family photo of a lost child and send it to other cruisers patrolling the area.

HIGH-TECH MANASSAS PARK POLICE.  Despite a population, budget and manpower dwarfed by its neighbors, the Manassas Park police department has high-tech resources to make the big guys drool.  According to Journal reporter Kelby Hartson, the officers have laptops in their cruisers; the depart

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ment was among the first in the region to switch to a detailed, computer-based crime reporting system; and last fall, the department implemented a digital radio system.  Manassas Park went in with Manassas Police Department for the laptops and radio system, buying the whole package for $475,000.  The radios give officers more channels with encryption capability.  All this for a department with 14 sworn officers and eight cruisers in a city with a population of 9,000 covering 2.5 square miles.

FAUQUIER COUNTY CONSIDERING TRUNKED SYSTEM.  The committee investigating options for replacing Fauquier County's aging emergency radio systems has recommended the purchase of an 800 MHz trunked system, states the June 17 Fauquier Times-Democrat.  The committee studied 12 alternatives for replacing existing systems, including using both analog and digital systems and UHF and VHF frequencies.

The committee determined that the advantages of a digital system far outweighed analog systems because digital systems are more reliable, less subject to distortion and interference and were produced at a lower cost.  The proposed 800 MHz system is supposed to provide coverage of 95 percent of the county at 95 percent reliability.  The 800 MHz trunked system's only disadvantage was its cost; it was the most expensive digital system studied.  The system could cost as much as

ment in a Radio Shack scanner, a 31-year-old Virginia Beach man pleaded guilty in April to 21 counts of intercepting conversations and making harassing calls.

The case against John A. Halstead Jr. included 16 victims.  The scheme was traced to Halstead by one of the victims, who learned from a friend of Halstead's that he was monitoring others' conversations.  Armed with phone numbers and addresses he uncovered, he used voice mail services to deliver menacing messages.  In some cases, he replaced his targets' voice mail greetings with pornographic messages.  He managed to program the messaging system to send harassing calls to some residents as many as 50 times daily, and some of the calls continued automatically even after he was taken into custody.


OFFICER ACCUSED OF ILLEGAL CELLULAR, PAGER LISTENING .  Detective Dean Ward was a bang-up narcotics investigator says the April 12 Raleigh News and Observer.  "He seemed to have a radar that picked up drug dealers and a remarkable talent for showing up at just the right moment for a bust."  But Federal investigators claim the officer from Graham in Alamance County [NC] had a little help from electronic scanning equipment "illegally used to target and intercept cellular phone conversations and pager messages."

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"Many court decisions in recent years," the article stated, "have widened the investigative powers of police, notably in drug cases, and narrowed the constitutional rights of suspects.  But in the view of investigators, Ward's eavesdropping clearly crossed the line, violating the suspects' Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable searches."

In late March, after a six-month investigation by the FBI, Ward was indicted on 13 counts of electronic eavesdropping -- the cellular equivalent of wiretapping a private line without a search warrant.  When Graham police officials learned of the investigation late last year, they suspended Ward.  In January, two months before the indictment, they fired him.  Several pending drug cases that hinged on Ward's detective work were dismissed.  Numerous convicted drug traffickers have contacted lawyers about the p! ! ossibility of new trials or havi ng their convictions thrown out.

The indictment charges that Ward had a vast arsenal of equipment for intercepting pager communications, a scanner receiver, Message Tracker and Digital Data Intercept decoder for tracking cellular calls.  "Using the equipment, the indictment says, Ward intercepted hundreds of conversations and pager messages.  Each of the alleged episodes of eavesdropping would have violated the caller's and listener's constitutional right to privacy."

SCANNER LISTENER

CATCHES DRUG SUSPECTS.  Three Massachusetts men who allegedly made a drug deal using a cordless telephone were arrested after a resident -- whose police scanner picked up signals from the phone -- heard the conversation and called the police.  The April 3 Quincy Patriot Ledger said the men come from North Attleboro, Attleboro and Plainville.

AGENT SUES POLICE CHIEF OVER TELEPHONE TAPES.  A Georgia Bureau of Investigation agent filed a federal lawsuit claiming that Vidalia's [Georgia] police chief recorded her private telephone conversations using a police scanner.  According to the April 1 Atlant! ! a Journal and Constitution, Agent Vickey Horton Tapley alleges Chief Darrell Collins used the scanner to listen in on three conversations she had on her home's cordless telephone Nov. 3.  She claims that Collins then submitted a written transcript of the conversations to her supervisor, GBI Agent Greg Owen, to get her in trouble.

Tapley's "supervisor criticized her and recommended her employer take corrective action," the suit states.  Her "employer would not allow her to work any longer in her hometown of Vidalia."  The lawsuit does not describe the content of the three conversations that Tapley had with a GBI agent, a former GBI agent and an emergency medical technician.  The suit seeks unspecified damages.  Vidalia was an area Tapley covered as a GBI agent for nearly five years.  The suit claims Collins vio

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the House Ethics Committee, who allegedly gave it to reporters.  The Justice Department has been investigating the incident to decide if it should be prosecuted as a criminal case.  The couple who made the tape already pleaded guilty to using a radio scanner to intentionally intercept a phone call, paying a $1,000 fine.

WHITE HOUSE PAGERS HACKED AGAIN?  Pager "messages tracking President Clinton's route while in Dallas on June 2 were intercepted by computer hackers," boasted WFAA-TV reporter Robert Riggs during a June 15 newscast.  A computer hacker reportedly told WFAA that the FBI's pagers in Dallas were also "penetrated," revealing messages sent to agents following a bank robbery.  Pager messages between law enforcement agencies protecting the president were! ! also reportedly intercepted.&nb sp; The messages supposedly show the chief executive's movements from Love Field to the North Dallas home of Raymond Nasher.

"You can download enough software free off the Internet to sit there and basically pick off anybody's pager messages that have gone out," warned an unidentified hacker.  "News 8," Riggs reported, "has confirmed that messages sent to FBI agents have been intercepted.  That means hackers could find out when drug raids or other arrests are being planned.  It would be invaluable information to criminals."  PageNet says new security measures

are being developed for use by the end of the year.  Last year, a hacker claimed to have intercepted pager messages between the President and the White House during a visit to Philadelphia and posted them on the Internet.

SALESMAN SAYS PAGERS NOT SECURE.  In New Zealand, a secure cellphone and pager retailer has publicized loopholes in the communications systems used to tell VIP transport drivers where to pick up prime ministers attending the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) leaders' meeting.  It is understood the retailer, who told One Network News about the alleged security breach, had tried to sell secure pagers to VIP Transport and the Diplomatic Protection Squad, the part of the police that provides security for (New Zealand) Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, ministers when deemed nece! ! ssary, and diplomats.

He said an old computer, a program downloaded off the Internet, and a scanner -- a package costing about $150 -- could pick up the pager messages from the head office to drivers telling them who to pick up, where, and their destination.  While it is illegal to use or disclose intercepted radio communications under radio broadcasting regulations, there appears to be a gray area in the law for new technology about pager communications with different legal interpretations possible.

GSM PHONE SECURITY AT RISK.  GSM, a global standard for mobile phone communications, had been developed with security

in mind and wireless phone users were assured that their calls were safe from interception and that their phones could not be cloned.  These assurances seemed rock solid, says the May 4 Irish Times, until recently.

Two reporters who uncovered wrongdoing at the National Irish Bank were alleged to have been put under surveillance.  Their mobile phones were reported to have behaved strangely, with dropped calls and unusual interference on the line.  The implication was that expensive equipment could have been used to emulate the base station through which the phones made calls, overriding the encryption which normally protects GSM calls by scrambling the contents.

Second, US researchers announced they cracked the encryption used to protect the identity of a GSM mobile phone -- opening up the s! ! ort of cloning nightmare that ha s plagued analog phones.  To make matters worse, evidence was discovered that the security of GSM phones against eavesdropping had been deliberately weakened.  The A5 cipher had a key size of 64 bits, but the last 10 bits had been set to zero, reducing the key size to 54 bits and making the cipher less secure.

A third concern regards the possibility of the user's phone to be used as a tracking device.  Not many people were concerned when the fugitive US hacker Kevin Mitnick was arrested thousands of miles from home after

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police homed in on his mobile phone signal.  But early this year it emerged that authorities in Switzerland used this technique to keep tabs on all of citizens.  The locations of all mobile phones were being logged by the network.  A regimen similar to the electronic tagging of criminals was being applied to everyone who owned a mobile phone.                             

Ireland's two mobile network operators, East Digifone and Eircell, say they have full confidence in the security of GSM calls.  CCS International, which operates the Counter Spy Shops in London, New York and other cities, disagrees.  Not only does it sell equipment for this purpose to authorities, such as police forces, it offers seminars on the subject.  One staff member said "yes absolutely" when asked if GSM calls cou! ! ld be intercepted.  Equipme nt which cost about $100,000 had been used successfully and in some cases worked by emulating a base station and instructing a GSM handset to drop A5 encryption.

In many ways the issues which have been raised over GSM security (against eavesdropping and theft), and privacy (against call logging and movement logging) are a parable of our times, the reporter states.  Consumers are being asked to put their faith in an international standard which had not been tested by anyone except its designers, since the security provisions are kept secret.  "Even if the security systems work and protect conversations," the article concludes, "the information gath

ered in using the service can infringe privacy and could be used by government agencies to spy on
all of us in order to spy on some of us."

BUGGING JAPAN.  Newspaper reports and a TV documentary about the debut of kid-tapping products and services have set off alarm bells over what is seen as a symptom of a broader erosion in the confidence and trust that have long underpinned the tightly woven Japanese social fabric, reports the June 6 Los Angeles Times.  A Japanese detective firm, for example, says it receives 20 inquiries a day for electronic sleuthing services by parents concerned about their children.  Telecommunications giant NTT sells mobile phones that allow others to know the location of i! ! ts user -- reportedly a help to parents who want to know where their children are.

Wiretapping telephones is illegal in Japan, but it is not illegal to make or sell tapping devices, and those who use them are rarely caught or prosecuted.  Moreover, surreptitious listening, recording or filming are all legal, as long as no crime is committed when planting the bugging device.  Constant media interest, the huge selection of wiretaps, hidden cameras and bug-detecting devices displayed on the shelves of certain electronic stores and the number of magazine ads for mail-order sales of such products suggest a healthy market.  The Yomiuri newspaper, Japan's largest, recently dubbed this "A Bugging Society."

A number of companies will scan

homes and offices for bugs and remove them.  There are also hucksters who plant bugs and then pretend to find them for grateful clients, warns the author of a recent book on wiretapping.  He says that when he drives around Tokyo he will sometimes use a scanner to intercept bugging device transmissions.  "On a good day, you can hear 10 or 20 conversations, on a bad day, one or two," he said.  "In schools, business and politics, and in the relationships between citizens and their government, confidence is quickly eroding," a Japanese civil liberties attorney lamented.  "The old Japanese value of 'Let's trust each other' is crumbling... Instead, it's 'Let's steal information from each other and use it to get each other.'"

TWISTERS BOOST WEATHER RADIO SALES.  Re tailers of radios designed specifically to pick up National Weather Service broadcasts, including severe-weather alerts, have realized tremendous spikes in sales since early this year when severe thunderstorms and tornadoes struck the Midwest and Southeast, according to the June 6 Allentown Morning Call.  Media relations manager for Radio Shack said the company had a year's supply run out in three to four months.  Radio Shack owns the Chinese plant where its weather radios are made.  Oregon Scientific, who has just started selling the radios, says it probably will sell over 100,000 units within the first year if they can be manufactured quickly enough.

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Scanners also proved their value during the recent tornadoes in western Maryland.  The close-knit mountain town of Frostburg and its "ubiquitous police scanner radios not only brought people close together after the fury but saved lives before it," states an editorial in the June 5
Baltimore Sun.  "A tornado of this magnitude in a larger, more impersonal place would have wreaked more human damage."

The Frostburg fire chief told the June 4
Washington Post that prompt warnings by the National Weather Service saved most residents from injury.  "We got an 8- to 10-minute notification that it was 12 miles west of Frostburg traveling at 45 miles an hour," he said.  The alert! ! spread quickly, he added, by co mmercial radio and by fire-and-rescue scanners owned by many residents in this hilly, sparsely populated section of western Allegany County.

OUTSIDERS TO BUY TRUNKED RADIOS.  Sarasota County, Florida has decided to allow the media and others to monitor the county's new digital trunked radio system.  But the May 12 Sarasota Herald-Tribune warns it will cost them.  The "scanners can be purchased only from Motorola -- the company that sold the county its new system -- and prices range from about $3,000 for the most basic model to more than $10,000 for a more complex scanner."  The radios will be programmed with certain channels left out; mostly, the media and the public will hear

the main dispatch channels.  The county also has the right to two yearly inspections of the media's radios and can confiscate them if they have been altered.

GOOD SAMARITAN SCANNER LISTENERS.  For more than 20 years, a bunch of people from Cleveland's West Side have gathered weekend nights in parking lots (or under bridges when it rains) to monitor police scanners and to rush to emergencies, volunteering as traffic controllers.  They have no professional training, states the June 2 Plain Dealer and operate without formal police endorsement.  The dozen volunteers call themselves the Northern Emergency Services, and they are equipped for duty.  Their cars and trucks are covered with amber st! ! robe lights and seven or eight a ntennae each.  The vehicles carry UHF and VHF radios, scanners and cellular phones.

The team has formal rules prohibiting members from carrying firearms or using strobe lights except while directing traffic.  No member can impersonate a police officer.  No car can have a siren.  The group has ejected about 15 people over the years.  Proof of the group's good behavior is its low profile, members said.  Police commanders say they have never heard of the group.

The future looks gloomy for the group, which depends on scanners to learn of emergencies.  Cleveland police and firefighters are using a trunked radio system.  The fire department is preparing to shut down the old system and the

volunteers need a $3,000 radio to keep listening.  For details on the Northern Emergency Services http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Meadows/1617/

CUTTING OFF NUISANCE CELL PHONES.  Restaurants and theaters, says the May 3 Sunday Times, may soon purchase an Israeli jamming device, known as C-Guard, that prevents wireless phones from ringing.  The device is the size of a large cellular phone and drowns out the signal a phone receives to make it ring on both analog and digital phone networks in Britian.  The device waits until it detects a signal coming from a nearby phone before filling the room with jamming signals.

The Israeli army is evaluating the device as a means of barring mobile phone cal! ! ls from sensitive sites.  H ospitals seeking a way to deter phone use around sensitive equipment are also testing the device.  Netline Technologies says it sells the devices with great care to assure pranksters do not purchase them.  The company is working on a successor that will allow specified users, such as physicians, to still receive calls.

Larry Cordell, David Doernberg, Dr. Willard Hardman and Ken Fowler contributed to this issue's NewsScan.

Please address all correspondence to Alan.  We encourage readers to submit material and write articles that relate to the hobby.  All submissions are subject to editing for style and con

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